Publications

Amatya, D. N., Nelson, B., Shenton, M. E., Woods, S. W., Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia (AMP-SCZ), Bearden, C. E., & Wolff, P. (submitted). Decoding Early Psychosis Risk through Language: Links to Symptomatology and Brain-based Mechanisms.

Bilgrami, Z., Dixon, B., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., Shenton, M. E., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (in preparation for Schizophrenia Bulletin). Uncovering Universal and Culture-Specific Themes in Psychosis Risk: A Cross-Linguistic Large Language Model Framework.

Zhang, J., Dixon, B., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., Shenton, M. E., Kahn, R., Bearden, C., Kane, J., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (in preparation). Reduced Future Orientation and Temporal Switching in Spontaneous Language at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Dixon, B., Obalapuram, M., Amer, R., Bilgrami, Z., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., Shenton, M. E., Kahn, R., Bearden, C., Kane, J., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (in preparation for Schizophrenia Bulletin). Altered Pronoun Use in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis Across Languages.

Penzel, N., Seitz-Holland, J., Reichenberg, A., Wickham, A., Kang Ik Cho, K., Polosecki, P., Agurto, C., Billah, T., Bouix, S., Castro, E., Chung, Y., Coleman, M. J., Corcoran, C. M., Rahimi Eichi, H., Glynn, R. J., Kapur, T., Kelly, S. M., Lewandowski, K. E., Liebenthal, E., Mathalon, D. H., Mohandass, D., Nicholas, S. C., Vangel, M. G., Wolff, P., Reinen, J., Kane, J. M., Kahn, R. S., McGorry, P. D., Bearden, C. E., Nelson, B., Woods, S. W., Shenton, M. E., Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia (AMP SCZ), Cecchi, G., & Pasternak, O. (in preparation for Schizophrenia Bulletin). Multimodal Characterization of Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis: Baseline Findings from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia Program.

Hassanzadeh-Behbahani, S., Corcoran, C. M., Cecchi, G. A., Harms, M. P., Kubicki, M., Pasternak, O., Shenton, M. E., & Wolff, P. (in preparation for Schizophrenia Bulletin). Language-related superficial white matter as a biomarker in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis.

Linying, L., Craighead, E., & Wolff, P. (in preparation). Language as a subtyping tool and a potential predictor of treatment outcome in depression.

Robertson, C., Rezaii, N., Hochberg, D., Quimby, M., Wolff, P., & Dickerson, B. C. (in press, 2026). Predicting Amyloid Status in Primary Progressive Aphasia Using Explainable Artificial Intelligence. npj Dementia.

Bilgrami, Z. R., Castro, E., Agurto, C., Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Collecting language, speech acoustics, and facial expression to predict psychosis and other clinical outcomes: Strategies from the AMP SCZ initiative. Schizophrenia, 11(1), 125. Nature Publishing Group UK. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00458-3

Robertson, C., & Wolff, P. (2025). LLM world models are mental: Output layer evidence of brittle world model use in LLM mechanical reasoning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.15521. https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.15521

Wigman, J. T. W., Ee Ching, A., Chung, Y., Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Digital health technologies in the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia Program. Schizophrenia, 11(1), 83. Nature Publishing Group UK. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00432-z

Penzel, N., Polosecki, P., Addington, J., Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Data analysis strategies for the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia Program. Schizophrenia, 11(1), 53. Nature Publishing Group UK. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00403-4

Bilgrami, Z., Corcoran, C., Cecchi, G., & Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Leveraging AI and language analysis to predict psychosis risk in clinical high-risk individuals. Biological Psychiatry, 97(9), S68-S69. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.123

Billah, T., Cho, K. I. K., Borders, O., Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Enabling FAIR data stewardship in complex international multi-site studies: Data operations for the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia Program. Schizophrenia, 11(1), 55. Nature Publishing Group UK. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00404-3

Robertson, C., Roberts, S. G., Majid, A., Lu, T., Wolff, P., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2025). Low-certainty modals not future tenses cause increased psychological discounting in English relative to Dutch. Cognition. Elsevier.

Robertson, C., & Wolff, P. (2025). LLMs have "mental" models: Latent world models in LLM network weights can be inferred from output layer tokens at inference. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 47.

Agurto, C., Castro, E., Reinen, J., Mohandass, D., Wolff, P., et al. (2024). Automatic assessment of the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms (SOPS) using large language models. Neuropsychopharmacology, 49, 527-528. Springer Nature.

Bilgrami, Z., Corcoran, C., Nelson, B., Woods, S., Shenton, M., Cecchi, G., Pandina, G., & Wolff, P. (2024). Leveraging generative AI to identify linguistic biomarkers of psychosis risk. Neuropsychopharmacology, 49, 529-529. Springer Nature.

Reinen, J., Agurto, C., Larrauri, C., Mohandass, D., Corcoran, C., Kambeitz-Ilankovic, L., Reichenberg, A., Lewandowski, K. E., Yassin, W., Wolff, P., et al. (2024). Combining large language models and feedback from clinical high-risk individuals to identify features of lived experience narratives. Neuropsychopharmacology, 49, 531-532. Springer Nature.

Rezaii, N., Hochberg, D., Quimby, M., Wong, B., Brickhouse, M., Touroutoglou, A., Dickerson, B. C., & Wolff, P. (2024). Artificial intelligence classifies primary progressive aphasia from connected speech. Brain, 147(9), 3070-3082. Oxford University Press.

Wannan, C. M., Nelson, B., Addington, J., Allott, K., Anticevic, A., Arango, C., Wolff, P., et al. (2024). Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia (AMP SCZ): Rationale and study design of the largest global prospective cohort study of clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 50(3), 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbae011

Woods, S. W., Parker, S., Kerr, M. J., Walsh, B. C., Wijtenburg, S. A., Prunier, N., Nunez, A. R., Buccilli, K., Mourgues-Codern, C., Brummitt, K., Kinney, K. S., Trankler, C., Szacilo, J., Colton, B.-L., Ali, M., Haidar, A., Billah, T., Huynh, K., Ahmed, U., Adery, L. L., Wolff, P., & Wood, S. J. (2024). Development of the PSYCHS: Positive SYmptoms and Diagnostic Criteria for the CAARMS Harmonized with the SIPS. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 18(4), 255-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.13439

Rezaii, N., Wolff, P., & Price, B. H. (2022). Natural Language Processing in Psychiatry: The Promises and Perils of a Transformative Approach. British Journal of Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2021.188

Shi, H., & Wolff, P. (2021). What Transformers Might Know About the Physical World: T5 and the Origins of Knowledge. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 43.

Corcoran, C. M., Mittal, V. A., Bearden, C. E., Gur, R., Hitczenko, K., Bilgrami, Z., Savic, A., Cecchi, G. A., & Wolff, P. (2020). Language as a biomarker for Psychosis: A natural language processing approach. Schizophrenia Research.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2019). Using big data to understand memory and future thinking. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2019). Predicting future mental illness from social media: A big data approach. Behavior Research Methods.

Rezaii, N., Walker, E., & Wolff, P. (2019). A machine learning approach to predicting psychosis using semantic density and latent content analysis. npj Schizophrenia, Nature.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2018). A big data analysis of the relationship between future thinking and decision-making. PNAS, 115(8), E1740-1748.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2018). Using big data methods to identify conceptual frameworks. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P., & Thorstad, R. (2016). Force dynamics. In M. Waldman (Ed.), Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning. Oxford University Press.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2016). What causal illusions might tell us about the identification of causes. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Thorstad, R., & Wolff, P. (2016). Temporal horizons and decision-making: A big data approach. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Copley, B., Wolff, P., & Shepard, J. (2015). Force interaction in the expression of causation. Proceedings of the 25th Semantics and Linguistic Theory Conference, 433-451.

Wolff, P. (2015). Ten Lectures on Experimental Cognitive Semantics and the language-thought interface. Thomas Fuyin Li, Yan Ding (Eds.), Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

Wolff, P., & Barbey, A. K. (2015). Causal reasoning with forces. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9.

Li, D., Du, J., & Wolff, P. (2015). The linguistic representations of causing events and caused events in narrative discourse. Cognitive Semantics, 1.

Thorstad, R., Nie, A., & Wolff, P. (2015). How representations of time can affect willingness to wait for future rewards. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Nie, A., Shepard, J., Choi, J., Copley, B., & Wolff, P. (2015). Computational exploration of the linguistic structures of future-oriented expression: Classification and categorization. NAACL-HLT 2015, Denver, Colorado.

Copley, B., & Wolff, P. (2014). Theories of causation can and should inform linguistic theory. In B. Copley, F. Martin, & N. Duffield (Eds.), Forces in grammatical structures. Oxford University Press.

Wolff, P. (2014). Causal pluralism and force dynamics. In B. Copley, F. Martin, & N. Duffield (Eds.), Forces in grammatical structures. Oxford University Press.

Wolff, P., Ritter, S., & Holmes, K. J. (2014). Causation, force, and the sense of touch. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Holmes, K. J., & Wolff, P. (2013). Spatial language as a window on representations of 3D space [commentary]. Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

Holmes, K. J., & Wolff, P. (2013). When is language a window into the mind? Looking beyond words to infer conceptual categories. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Shepard, J., & Wolff, P. (2013). Intentionality, evaluative judgments, and causal structure. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P. (2013). Representing verbs with force vectors. Theoretical Linguistics, 38, 237-248.

Wolff, P., & Shepard, J. (2013). Causation, touch, and the perception of force. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 58, 167-202.

Holmes, K. J., & Wolff, P. (2013). Spatial language and the psychological reality of schematization. Cognitive Processing, 14, 205-208.

Holmes, K. J., & Wolff, P. (2012). Does categorical perception in the left hemisphere depend on language? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 439-443.

Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (2011). Structure-mapping in metaphor comprehension. Cognitive Science, 35, 1456-1488.

Holmes, K., & Wolff, P. (2011). Simulating realism in language comprehension. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P., Hausknecht, M., & Holmes, K. (2011). Absent causes, present effects: How omissions cause events. In J. Bohnemeyer & E. Pederson (Eds.), Event representation in language (pp. 228-252). Cambridge University Press.

Wolff, P., & Holmes, K. (2010). Linguistic relativity. WIREs Cognitive Science.

Holmes, K., & Wolff, P. (2010). Simulation from schematics: Dorsal stream processing and the perception of implied motion. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P., Barbey, A. K., & Hausknecht, M. (2010). For want of a nail: How absences cause events. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.

Malt, B., & Wolff, P. (2010). Words and the mind: How words capture human experience. Oxford University Press.

Wolff, P., & Malt, B. (2010). Introduction: The language-thought interface. In B. Malt & P. Wolff (Eds.), Words and the mind. Oxford University Press.

Wolff, P., Jeon, G., Klettke, B., & Yu, L. (2010). Force creation and possible causers across languages. In B. Malt & P. Wolff (Eds.), Words and the mind. Oxford University Press.

Wolff, P., Jeon, G., & Yu, L. (2009). Causal agents in English, Korean and Chinese: The role of internal and external causation. Language and Cognition.

Wolff, P., & Ventura, T. (2009). When Russians learn English: How the semantics of causation may change. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(2).

Wolff, P. (2008). Dynamics and the perception of causal events. In T. Shipley & J. Zacks (Eds.), Understanding events (pp. 555-587). Oxford University Press.

Barbey, A., & Wolff, P. (2007). Learning causal structure from reasoning. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P. (2007). Representing causation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136, 82-111.

Wolff, P., Jeon, G., & Yeh, K. (2006). Causal agents and the individuation of events in English, Chinese, and Korean. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Cognitive Science.

Ahn, W., Goldstone, R. L., Love, B. C., Markman, A. B., & Wolff, P. (2005). Categorization inside and outside of the lab: Festschrift in Honor of Douglas L. Medin. American Psychological Association.

Song, G., & Wolff, P. (2005). Linking perceptual properties to the linguistic expression of causation. In M. Achard & S. Kemmer (Eds.), Language, culture, and mind (pp. 237-250). CSLI Publications.

Wolff, P., Klettke, B., Ventura, T., & Song, G. (2005). Categories of causation across cultures. In W. Ahn et al. (Eds.), Categorization inside and outside of the lab. American Psychological Association.

Klettke, B., & Wolff, P. (2003). Differences in how English and German speakers talk and reason about CAUSE. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P. (2003). Direct causation in the linguistic coding and individuation of causal events. Cognition, 88, 1-48.

Wolff, P., & Song, G. (2003). Models of causation and the semantics of causal verbs. Cognitive Psychology, 47, 276-332.

Wolff, P., & Ventura, T. (2003). When Russians learn English: How the meaning of causal verbs may change. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 822-833).

Wolff, P., & Zettergren, M. (2002). A vector model of causal meaning. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.

Wolff, P., Song, G., & Driscoll, D. (2002). Models of causation and causal verbs. Papers from the 37th Meeting of the Chicago Linguistics Society, Vol. 1 (pp. 607-622).

Gentner, D., Bowdle, B., Wolff, P., & Boronat, C. (2001). Metaphor is like analogy. In D. Gentner, K. J. Holyoak, & B. Kokinov (Eds.), The Analogical Mind. MIT Press.

Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (2000). Evidence for role-neutral initial processing of metaphors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 529-541.

Wolff, P., & Medin, D. (2000). Measuring the evolution and devolution of folkbiological knowledge. In L. Maffi (Ed.), Language, Knowledge and the Environment (pp. 260-278). Smithsonian Institution Press.

Gentner, D., & Wolff, P. (2000). Metaphor and knowledge change. In E. Dietrich & A. Markman (Eds.), Cognitive Dynamics (pp. 295-342). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Wolff, P., Medin, D., & Pankratz, C. (1999). Evolution and devolution of folkbiological knowledge. Cognition, 73, 177-204.

Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (1997). On the lexicalization of causal events. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development (pp. 707-718).

Gentner, D., & Wolff, P. (1997). Alignment in the processing of metaphor. Journal of Memory and Language, 37, 331-355.

Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R., Wolff, P., Markman, A. B., & Forbus, K. D. (1997). Analogy in discovery: A case study of Johannes Kepler. In T. B. Ward, S. M. Smith, & J. Vaid (Eds.), Creative Thought (pp. 403-459). American Psychological Association.

Gentner, D., Brem, S., Ferguson, R., Markman, A., Levidow, B. B., Wolff, P., & Forbus, K. (1997). Analogical reasoning and conceptual change: A case study of Johannes Kepler. The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 6, 3-40.

Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (1996). What language might tell us about the perception of cause? Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 453-458).

Wolff, P., & Gentner, D. (1992). The time course of metaphor comprehension. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 504-509).

McConkie, G. W., Zola, D., Grimes, J., Kerr, P. W., Bryant, R. B., & Wolff, P. M. (1991). Children's eye movements during reading. In J. F. Stein (Ed.), Vision and Visual Dyslexia (pp. 251-262). Macmillan Press.

West, C. K., Farmer, J. A., & Wolff, P. M. (1991). Instructional design: Implications from Cognitive Science. Prentice Hall.

Bilgrami, Z. R., Corcoran, C. M., Nelson, B., Woods, S. W., Shenton, M. E., Kahn, R., McGorry, P., Kane, J., Bearden, C., Cecchi, G. A., Pandina, G., Wolff, P. M., & Accelerating Medicines Partnership Schizophrenia (AMP SCZ) (2024). Leveraging generative AI to identify linguistic biomarkers of psychosis risk. [Poster abstract]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 49, 529. Springer Nature.

Bilgrami, Z. R., Wolff, P., & Walker, E. (2024). Using large language models to understand thought disorder and predict psychosis. [Poster presentation]. Technology in Psychiatry Summit (TIPS).

Wolff, P. (2024). Using large language models to automate the redaction of personally identifiable information (PII) from natural-language transcripts. [Poster presentation]. Technology in Psychiatry Summit (TIPS).

Bilgrami, Z., Corcoran, C. M., Nelson, B., Woods, S. W., Shenton, M. E., Kahn, R., McGorry, P., Kane, J., Bearden, C., Cecchi, G. A., Pandina, G., & Wolff, P. M. (2024). Leveraging generative AI to identify linguistic biomarkers of psychosis risk. [Poster abstract]. 63rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP).

Wolff, P., Bilgrami, Z. R., Cecchi, G. A., Corcoran, C. M., Nelson, B., Shenton, M., & Woods, S. W. (2025). Generative AI-enhanced analysis for early detection of psychosis risk. [Poster presentation]. International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM).

Bilgrami, Z., Corcoran, C., Cecchi, G., & Wolff, P., et al. (2025). Leveraging AI and language analysis to predict psychosis risk in clinical high-risk individuals. [Poster abstract]. Biological Psychiatry, 97(9), S68-S69. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2025.02.123

Mourgues, C., Woods, S. E., & Wolff, P. (2025). ANNA-PR: A novel AI-driven platform for automating psychosis risk assessment. [Poster presentation]. Society of Biological Psychiatry (SOBP).

Tamayo, Z., Dixon, B., Ignatius, J., Brege, S., Woods, S., Wolff, P., & Cho, Y. T. (2025). Secure cloud-based architecture for sensitive audio-visual data enabling full transcription and privacy-preserving analysis. [Poster presentation]. 64th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP).

Dixon, B., Bilgrami, Z., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., Shenton, M., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (2026). Viewpoint disturbance and reduced referential specificity across three languages. [Poster presentation]. Schizophrenia International Research Society (SIRS).

Zhang, J., Dixon, B., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., McGorry, P., Shenton, M., Kahn, R., Bearden, C., Kane, J., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (2026). Reduced future orientation and temporal switching in spontaneous language at clinical high risk for psychosis. [Poster presentation]. Schizophrenia International Research Society (SIRS).

Bilgrami, Z., Dixon, B., Liebenthal, E., Nelson, B., Shenton, M., Woods, S., Cecchi, G., Corcoran, C., & Wolff, P. (2026). Uncovering universal and culture-specific themes in psychosis risk: A cross-linguistic large language model framework. [Poster presentation]. Schizophrenia International Research Society (SIRS).